Mid-Term+Review



Chapter 5
 * Westward Expansion**

1. What solutions did the frontier farmers devise to combat the environmental challenges of living and farming on the western frontier? 2. What technological advancements made life on the Great Plains more bearable? 3. Why were bonanza farms more profitable than the family farms of the West? What effects did the bonanza farms have on small family farms? Read this link to understand these farms: [|Bonanza Farms] 4. How did the federal government encourage farmers to settle the Great Plains and attempt to ensure their success? 5. Why did cattle ranchers in the south and west initiate the long drives and open range system? What factors contributed to the demise of the cattle drives? 6. What problems faced the Native Americans living on the government reservations? 7. Compare and contrast the following conflicts: Sand Creek and Wounded Knee. 8. How did the Dawes Act seek to resolve the conflict between the Native Americans and the U.S. government? 9. What were the problems facing farmers in the latter half of the 1800s? 10. What was Populism? How did Populism seek to remedy the problems facing farmers? 11. Explain the debate between bimetallism and the gold standard? Why did farmers think that bimetallism would solve their financial problems?

Chapter 6
 * Industrialization**

12. What were the causes of the growth of industry following the Civil War? 13. How did inventions/innovations spur on industrial expansion? 14. Explain capitalism as an economic system (free enterprise, laws of supply and demand, competition, private ownership, etc.). 15. Describe vertical and horizontal integration as used by Rockefeller and Carnegie. 16. Why are the capitalists of the 1800s described as both Captains of Industry and Robber Barons? 17. What is a laissez-faire governmental business policy? How can this both help and hurt capitalism? 18. How did the Morrill Tariff and the National Banking Act help industry to grow during and after the Civil War? 19. How do trusts and monopolies violate the spirit of competition/Capitalism? 20. How did the railroads positively and negatively impact America (be sure to explain the abuses of the railroads)? 21. What were the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890? How did these federal laws seek to protect free enterprise and competition? 22. Define the theories of Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth.

Chapter 6 – Section 3
 * Labor**

23. What factors lead to interest in labor unions? 24. Which sector of the population (urban / rural) found it necessary to form labor unions? 25. Describe the membership eligibility, goals, strategies, successes, and failures of the National Labor Union and Knights of Labor. 26. Describe the membership eligibility, goals, strategies, successes, and failures of the American Federation of Labor. 27. Describe the membership eligibility, goals, strategies, successes, and failures of the Industrial Workers of the World. 28. Describe how the following union strategies worked: strike and collective bargaining. 29. What happened at the Haymarket Riot in 1886? What effects did this incident have on the labor movement? 30. What happened during the Homestead Strike of 1892? What effects did this incident have on the labor movement? 31. What happened during the Pullman Strike of 1893? What effects did this incident have on the labor movement? 32. For what reasons did big business oppose the labor movement? What side in the struggle did the federal government take, business or labor?

Chapter 7 and Chapter 8
 * Immigration and Urbanization**

33. What factors encourage people to emigrate from their homelands? 34. What were the immigration processing centers? 35. How did urban life change as a result of immigration? 36. What was the intent and result of the Americanization movement? 37. What is nativism? How did nativists justify their beliefs and organize politically? 38. What laws were passed to restrict immigration? 39. What inventions and innovations enabled cities to grow both in land area and height? 40. Describe the lifestyle and standard of living for the urban poor. How did settlement houses and the Social Gospel attempt to combat poverty? 41. Describe the corruption in city governments.

Chapter 9
 * Reform**

42. Who were the muckrakers? How did they influence Progressivism? Consider the reform goals for Ida Tarbell, Jacob Riis, and Upton Sinclair. 43. What were the goals of the Progressives? 44. What were the causes and effects of Progressivism? 45. What allowed the Progressives to be successful? 46. Explain the following state reforms: initiative, referendum, and recall. 47. What motivated the temperance movement? 48. What were the arguments for and against women’s suffrage? 49. What were the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments?

Chapter 10
 * Imperialism**

50. What is imperialism? Define the differences between colonization and spheres of influence. 51. What factors motivated the United States to institute a foreign policy of imperialism? (White Man’s Burden) What were arguments against it? 52. In what ways did the United States intervene in Hawaii? What were the effects of this intervention? 53. How did the following lead America into the Spanish-American War: the Monroe Doctrine, Valeriano Weyler’s treatment of Cuban revolutionaries, yellow journalism, the Dupuy de Lôme letter, and the U.S.S. Maine? 54. What was the purpose of the Teller Amendment and Platt Amendment? 55. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish-American War? 56. Describe America’s involvement with China in the later half of the 1800s? (Think Chinese Exclusion Act, spheres of influence, Open Door Policy, and the Boxer Rebellion.) 57. What were the motivations for and obstacles to the building of the Panama Canal? 58. What were the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine? 59. What was Big Stick Diplomacy?